Hanifatur Rosyidah
11410128
1.
Leadership in Perspektive
of Al-Quran
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Remember
when Allah said to the angels: "Behold, I will make a vicegerent on
earth." they say: "Why do you want to make (caliph) on earth that
person who will make mischief therein and shed blood, And We Always praises
thee and purified thee?" The Lord said: "Verily I know what you know
not."
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And the people who maintain mandates (and carried) and
promise. And the people who keep chanting. That they are the people who will
inherit, who will inherit paradise heaven. They will abide therein.
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Allah commands you to convey the message to those who
deserve it, and (told you) if the laws set among men that you assign to the
fair. Verily Allah is teaching us that the best to you. God is All-hearing,
All-seeing
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Allah commands (you) applies fair and do good, giving to
relatives, and God forbid from indecency and hostility. He teaches you that ye
may take heed.
2. Definition
of Leadership
·
Al Quran
Leadership is a mandate
that must be operate as well as possible, full of responsibility, professional
and sincerity.
· Wikipedia
Leadership has been described as “a process
of social influence in which one person can enlist
the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task”
·
Sociology
Leadership those who are able to influence other
toward some future direction, event, goal, or purpose.
·
Psychology
Leadership is a process when someone can influence behavior and
conviction of people in a group.
3.
About Leadership
Leadership
is a process of influencing others to achieve the objectives that have been
agreed and set.
There
are several elements in a leadership structure:
a.
Lead
Has authority to guide and delegate a order
b.
Member/subordinate
Help the lead approriate his order
c.
Point
of view-mission-purpose-target
Realization base on culture or philosophy of organization
A leader must have its own type of members in the lead, in
general there are 3 types of leadership based on the pattern of relationships. Among
them:
a.
Authoritarian
· The
decision is fully held by leaders
· Each
step in the determination of the technical activities and given one at a time
or at any time by the leader
· Leaders
are less willing to participate actively in the activities of the group members
b.
Democratic
· All
wisdom discussed and decided through negotiations or compromise with members.
· Members
are free to determine the tasks and a suitable companion for him in works
· Leaders
act objectively in assessing members
c.
Laissez-Faire
· Members have the freedom to take
decisions
· Leaders only give an opinion if asked
· Leaders at all did not participate in
the activities of members, there is no attempt to praise or criticize members
Leadership theories focused on what
qualities distinguished between leaders and followers, while subsequent
theories looked at other variables such as situational factors and skill
levels. While many different leadership theories have emerged, most can be
classified as one of eight major types:
a.
"Great Man"
Theories:
Great man theories assume
that the capacity for leadership is inherent-that
great leaders are born, not made. These theories often portray great leaders as
heroic, mythic and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term
"Great Man" was used because, at the time, leadership was thought of
primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of military leadership. Learn
more about thegreat man theory of
leadership.
b.
Trait Theories:
Similar in some ways to "Great
Man" theories, trait theories assume
that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited
to leadership. Trait theories often identify particular personality or
behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. If particular traits are key
features of leadership, then how do we explain people who possess those
qualities but are not leaders? This question is one of the difficulties in
using trait theories to explain leadership.
c.
Contingency Theories:
Contingency theories of leadership
focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine
which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation.
According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations.
Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style,
qualities of the followers and aspects of the situation.
d.
Situational Theories:
Situational theories propose that
leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables.
Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of
decision-making. For example, in a situation where the leader is the most
knowledgeable and experienced member of a group, an authoritarian style might
be most appropriate. In other instances where group members are skilled
experts, a democratic style would
be more effective.
e.
Behavioral Theories:
Behavioral theories of leadership are
based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Rooted in behaviorism,
this leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders not on mental qualities
or internal states. According to this theory, people can learn to
become leaders through teaching and observation.
f.
Participative Theories:
Participative leadership theories
suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into
account. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group
members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the
decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader retains
the right to allow the input of others.
g.
Management Theories:
Management theories, also known
as transactional
theories, focus on the role of supervision, organization and group
performance. These theories base leadership on a system of rewards and
punishments. Managerial theories are often used in business, when employees are successful, they
are rewarded,
when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished. Learn more about theories
of transactional
leadership.
h.
Relationship Theories:
Relationship theories, also known as
transformational theories, focus upon the connections formed between leaders
and followers. Transformational
leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members
see the importance and higher good of the task. These leaders are focused on
the performance of group members, but also want each person to fulfill his or
her potential. Leaders with this style often have high ethical and moral
standards.
Philosophy of
Leadership
·
Ing Ngarsa Sung Tuladha: leaders must be able to make himself the nature and deeds
and follow fad pattern to those they lead.
·
Ing Madya Mangun Karsa: leaders must be able to evoke the spirit and creative on
those who advised in.
·
Tut Wuri Handayani:
leaders must be able to encourage the people in her care to dare to walk in
front and could be responsible.
4.
Analysis of Leadership
and Comment
There is a form of leadership in all
groups, and the main attributes of leadership is social influence. Leaders are
those who most influence the behavior and beliefs of the group.
Individuals be appointed as a leader in
many ways. Some are appointed directly by the employer and there are selected
by mutual agreement. But not all appointed or elected leaders. In some cases,
members of the group slowly emerged as a leader. Observer can predict the
emergence of a leader is to monitor indicators such as, who has the most say in
the discussion and who is his opinion the most powerful in influencing
decision-making. Many studies show that people tend to talk much considered a
leader by the other members.
In general, the leader must perform two types of activities,
namely:
· Leadership
Task
Related
activities to achieve group goals and complete the task group.
· Social
Leadership
Focusing
on the emotional and interpersonal aspects of group interaction.
A leadership can be said to be successful
if the leadership style is acceptable and appropriate for the situation in the
group. According to Fiedler contingency model, the leader's success will depend
on the match between the leader's style and the nature of the situation.
Leadership should be there as a driver in
order to realize the organization's goals. Having a leader who can make its
members in one purpose, to make the organization can be recognized and growing
organization. But not only the leader can make the organization grow, but the
members also play a role. If leaders are active but no members who
participated, all will be in vain.
In Islam, leadership is not only
accountable in front of members of the group, but also accountable to God. How
does a leader implementing the mandate that has been given to him. In Islam,
all members must obey the priest. In the sense of a leader still guided to the
Al-Quran, Al-Hadis and Sunnah.
5. Study
Case
RAKER IMAM “IKATAN
MAHASISWA MAJAPAHIT”
BATU, 2013
This
meeting performed in Batu on April 6, 2013, this event discuss the agenda of
what will be done within the next year by students who came from Majapahit
(Mojokerto) and have study at the Majapahit UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.
In this
meeting, there is a leader who will chair the meeting until completion. All of
member agreed to choose Farid to be a leader. He implement mandate well, proved
he does not decide everything personally, but on the basis of opinions and
input from the other members.
Farid
give a chance to anyone who wants to speak his mind, and even then still go
through the procedure. Members who wish to voice opinions should raise their
hands then invited members of the Civil Farid argued. Had been a bit of a
dispute between members at the meeting, but could resolved. Farid invited
members to provide affirmation of differences of opinion on their options. Then
other members can provide support in accordance with the purpose of the
organization of this region.
In the
end, all the results of the meeting the decision was not decided by the leader,
yet through a lot of input and consideration of all the members present in the
meeting. All members can participate in the development of the organization.
Reference
Bass, B. M. 1960. Leadership,
Psychology and Organizational Behavior. Harper and Brothers. New York.
Bennis, W. G. And Nanus,
B. 1985. Leader: The Strategies of Taking Change. Harper and Row. New
York.
Bums, J.
M. 1978. Leadership. Harper and Row. New York.
Soekanto,
Soerjono. 1986. Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali.
Stolley,
Kathy S. 2005. The Basic of Sociology. London: Greenwood Press.
Taylor, Shelly E.,
Peplau, Letitia Anne., Sears, David O. 2009. Psikologi Sosial. Edisi dua belas. Jakarta: Kencana.
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